Advanced age is typically associated with a decrease in cognitive function, including the formation and retention of new memories. The hippocampus is critical for a range of learning and memory processes, especially spatial learning. It is also one of the two main regions in the mammalian brain in which new neurons continue to be generated […]
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune central nervous system disorder that affects the brain and spinal cord. It causes white blood cells, which normally protect against infections to enter the nervous system and cause damage. In MS antibodies against myelin are produced by the immune system, causing damage to this protective sheath. It is estimated […]
Prenatal and early life experiences are critical for human development. Studies have suggested an association between early life exposure to adverse conditions, including maternal high-fat diet, malnutrition, or infections during pregnancy with the development of different diseases, such as inflammatory and metabolic diseases as well as neurodevelopmental disorders. Different studies have suggested that a viral […]
The secretome of mesenchymal stem cells derived from different tissues is considered an innovative therapeutic tool for regenerative medicine. Although their similarities, adipose tissue and bone marrow derived MSCs have different secretory properties, in particular their secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes. MSCs are virtually in all tissues, where part of them localize near the […]
With the failure of the recent HIV-1 vaccine trial1 and ART inefficacies, such as treatment failure following drug resistance in up to 22%, poor compliance in up to 46%, adverse effects in up to 83% of people living with HIV-1, and poor central nervous system penetration, there is a need to re-evaluate the strategies to […]
Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, and yet many smokers never attempt to quit. The weight gain that is associated with cessation of smoking is cited as a major reason why more people don’t try to stop. These effects are attributed to smoking-associated effects on energy intake, metabolic rate and physical […]
More than four decades have elapsed since the onset of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and a protective vaccine has yet to be developed. There are different hurdles responsible for this lack of success, including the antigenic variability of the HIV-1 envelope (env), the protected configuration of the virus and the in vivo rarity of B cells […]
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a distressing condition that significantly compromises the quality of life of men worldwide. It is defined as the inability to attain and maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Worldwide it is estimated that there are approximately 26 new cases of ED per 1,000 men, and in the U.S., 1 […]
There is a system in our body, called Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system which is implicated in hypertension, cardiovascular and kidney diseases, where an enzyme, angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to vascular inflammation and injury. This system is a critical regulator of blood volume and systemic vascular resistance. The 3 components of […]
A migraine is a headache that can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head. It’s often accompanied by other symptoms, such as naura, vomiting and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine attacks can last for hours to days, and the pain can be so severe that […]