Insights into Flu Severity

Have you ever wondered why some people might get sicker than others, even when they catch the same virus?. A number of host factors have been considered, including pre-existing immunity, age, sex, weight, and the microbiome.

Another important factor is the molecular biology within your cells. DNA is shown as one long double-helical strand. So, you might expect that the cell would always read genetic information in order, starting at one end and going to the other. But this isn’t the case. DNA contains transposable elements , sometimes called “junk DNA,” which can change the regions of the genome that are being read at a given time.

By examining data from 39 individuals before and after infection with influenza A virus, the researchers were able to identify changes in the “readability” of transposable elements. Researchers used an approach combining various sets of multiomics data, which characterize and quantify collections of biomolecules in cells or organisms. One was the transcriptome, which consists of all copies of RNA transcribed from DNA in the cell. The other was the epigenome, which is the collection of chemical changes to DNA that modify gene expression. An advantage of this multiomics approach is that they were able to identify families of transposable elements with changes in accessibility, which would have likely been missed by previous approaches.

By considering these changes in transposable elements after viral infection, they could identify several proteins that turn specific genes “on” or “off” that likely contribute to someone’s response to infection. Using these findings, the researchers were able to create a model that could predict an individual’s viral load after influenza A infection.

“These findings are an important step toward understanding the role that such factors play in the variability of illness severity among individuals.”

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Sources:

Xun Chen, Alain Pacis, Katherine A. Aracena, Saideep Gona, Tony Kwan, Cristian Groza, Yen Lung Lin, Renata Sindeaux, Vania Yotova, Albena Pramatarova, Marie-Michelle Simon, Tomi Pastinen, Luis B. Barreiro, Guillaume Bourque. Transposable elements are associated with the variable response to influenza infection. Cell Genomics, 2023; 3 (5): 100292 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100292

Kyoto University. “A multiomics approach provides insights into flu severity.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 22 May 2023. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/05/230522131353.htm>.

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Photo by David Mao

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